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[數(shù)字經(jīng)濟] 【連載跟蹤】OECD關(guān)于數(shù)字經(jīng)濟征稅以及雙支柱的研究進展

5080 18 樓主
發(fā)表于 2020-1-10 06:37:28 | 只看樓主 閱讀模式
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【特別關(guān)注】最佳方案:概念更明確 操作更簡便
中國稅務(wù)報  2020年01月08日
作者:汪成紅
(作者系國家稅務(wù)總局杭州市稅務(wù)局干部,現(xiàn)派駐OECD)

2019年11月,由OECD發(fā)布的《“第一支柱”下“統(tǒng)一方法”的秘書處提案》(以下簡稱《提案》)的公眾咨詢會在OECD總部法國巴黎召開,來自各國政府、商界、民間團體及學(xué)術(shù)界的500多名代表參與,并提出了各自意見。會前,OECD秘書處共收到304份超過3000頁的評論性意見,內(nèi)容聚焦《提案》中“三層分配機制”涉及的政策和技術(shù)問題。據(jù)悉,OECD擬于2020年1月底前對《提案》基本框架達成共識。

“三層分配機制”設(shè)計的價值取向:在簡單化與準確性之間尋求最佳方案
《提案》擬在修改現(xiàn)行聯(lián)結(jié)度規(guī)則和利潤分配規(guī)則的基礎(chǔ)上,賦予市場管轄區(qū)新的征稅權(quán),并提出了“金額A”“金額B”和“金額C”“三層分配機制”。“金額A”指在跨國公司集團層面使用公式方法分配給市場管轄區(qū)的剩余利潤份額,適用于跨國公司集團在市場管轄區(qū)內(nèi)不存在經(jīng)營實體的情形,是對“統(tǒng)一方法”的主要回應(yīng);“金額B”指運用獨立交易原則對跨國公司集團在市場管轄區(qū)內(nèi)的基準分銷和營銷活動確立固定回報;“金額C”指當(dāng)跨國公司集團在市場管轄區(qū)的活動超出了“金額B”對應(yīng)的基準水平時,所給予的額外補償。
對此,許多代表提出,應(yīng)認真考量“三層分配機制”設(shè)計的價值取向。為防止各國單邊行動,雖然有必要采取全球統(tǒng)一的征稅方案,但在考慮政治因素的同時,方案設(shè)計應(yīng)兼顧行政和遵從成本,盡可能清晰和便于操作,在簡單化與準確性之間尋求最佳方案。同時,應(yīng)重點關(guān)注國際稅收規(guī)則改變后,對稅收確定性、稅收遵從度、稅收爭端預(yù)防和解決機制以及消除雙重征稅可能產(chǎn)生的影響。不少代表建議,可采取“一站式服務(wù)”,即由一個司法管轄區(qū)對新的利潤分配機制進行統(tǒng)一管理,包括稅額的計算、征收等。此外,鑒于新的規(guī)則涉及對原有規(guī)則的改變,需要各國及時修訂國內(nèi)法和相關(guān)國際條約。

“三層分配機制”涉及的具體政策與技術(shù)問題:明確相關(guān)概念,尊重現(xiàn)行規(guī)則
關(guān)于“金額A”的適用范圍與概念定義。從《提案》內(nèi)容看,“金額A”的適用范圍,不僅是高度數(shù)字化的跨國公司集團,還擴大至面向消費者的經(jīng)營活動。不少代表認為,既然新的征稅方案是為了應(yīng)對數(shù)字經(jīng)濟挑戰(zhàn),其重點就是數(shù)字經(jīng)濟企業(yè),不應(yīng)擴大至面向消費者的經(jīng)營活動,且哪些活動屬于面向消費者的經(jīng)營活動,仍需進一步明確。咨詢會上,來自銀行業(yè)、保險業(yè)和制藥業(yè)的企業(yè)代表們提出,其所在行業(yè)有非常嚴格的行業(yè)管理規(guī)范,特別是銀行業(yè)客戶更多的是企業(yè)消費者,而非個人消費者,考慮到企業(yè)與企業(yè)間的業(yè)務(wù)相對比較規(guī)范,建議將銀行業(yè)等排除在“金額A”的適用范圍之外。也有不少代表認為,現(xiàn)有的獨立交易原則應(yīng)用得十分成功,沒有必要創(chuàng)建新的利潤分配規(guī)則。
關(guān)于“金額B”的確定問題。不少代表認為,位于市場管轄區(qū)的子公司或常設(shè)機構(gòu)的基準分銷與營銷活動,因行業(yè)、地區(qū)和業(yè)務(wù)活動的不同,而各有差異,很難確定一個固定回報,而一旦“金額B”存在太多的爭議,必然引起“金額C”和涉稅爭議。有代表建議,應(yīng)尊重現(xiàn)行的獨立交易原則,只有該原則無效時,再考慮采用固定回報的方法,簡化當(dāng)前的轉(zhuǎn)讓定價規(guī)則;此外,應(yīng)明確定義何謂基準分銷與營銷活動,并且在確定固定回報時,數(shù)據(jù)的獲得與保密都需要進一步探索。
關(guān)于“金額C”的爭議預(yù)防與解決機制問題。許多代表擔(dān)心,現(xiàn)行方案太過復(fù)雜,太多定義不明確,會嚴重影響稅收確定性。他們認為,爭議重在預(yù)防,建議從政策設(shè)計的源頭減少爭議的產(chǎn)生。對于爭議解決,目前主要有兩個觀點:一種觀點贊成運用現(xiàn)行的預(yù)約定價安排(APA)和相互協(xié)商程序(MAP)解決爭議,同時輔以強制性的、約束力的仲裁;另一種觀點反對采用強制性的仲裁,建議在MAP的基礎(chǔ)上,探索新的爭議解決方式,絕大部分發(fā)展中國家代表支持該觀點。

OECD下一步計劃:制定出各國均認同的全球統(tǒng)一征稅方案
在咨詢會當(dāng)天,OECD稅收政策與行政管理中心副主任格雷斯表示,咨詢會非常有意義,秘書處將根據(jù)意見對《提案》作進一步修改。首先,在政策定位上,雖然代表們目前存在諸多意見,但總體贊成制定全球統(tǒng)一征稅方案,OECD也將朝著這一方向努力,制定出各國均認同的方案;其次,關(guān)于“三層分配機制”的具體技術(shù)問題,OECD表示,下一步將盡快對某些概念予以明確,有重點地解決相關(guān)問題、澄清相關(guān)規(guī)則;再次,關(guān)于“金額A”,雖然很多代表反對創(chuàng)建新的利潤分配規(guī)則,但國際稅改在即,為應(yīng)對數(shù)字經(jīng)濟挑戰(zhàn),只能往前走,不能再倒回到獨立交易原則,重新設(shè)計“金額A”;最后,關(guān)于爭議解決,OECD將探索新的有別于強制性仲裁的爭議解決方式,且新的爭議解決方式也同樣具有強制性和約束力,以進一步提高稅收確定性。
(作者系國家稅務(wù)總局杭州市稅務(wù)局干部,現(xiàn)派駐OECD)
OECD 數(shù)字經(jīng)濟雙支柱 
發(fā)表于 2020-6-30 09:08
OECD雙支柱方案推進動態(tài) 
發(fā)表于 2020-6-14 21:14
應(yīng)對數(shù)字經(jīng)濟雙支柱 四個提案 
發(fā)表于 2020-6-12 13:30

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評論18

沙發(fā)
縱橫四海樓主Lv.10 發(fā)表于 2020-2-19 08:25:59 | 只看Ta

2月13日OECD公布了關(guān)于對數(shù)字經(jīng)濟征稅的“雙支柱”提案的經(jīng)濟和影響評估分析的初步結(jié)果(EN)
Report fromVasiliki Agianni, Research Associate, IBFD
OECDreleases preliminary results of economic and impact assessment analysis ontwo-pillar proposal towards taxing digital economy

On 13 February 2020, the OECD presenteda number of preliminary, high-level results on the economic and impactassessment analysis undertaken with respect to the implementation of thetwo-pillar approach towards addressing the tax challenges of the digitaleconomy (for further details on the two-pillar approach, see OECD-1, News 31January 2020).
The main purpose of the analysis is toinform ongoing discussions and, ultimately, key decisions on the design andparameters of the Pillar One and Pillar Two approach, to be taken by members ofthe Inclusive Framework on Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) in theirnegotiations towards adopting a consensus-based solution to the tax challengesarising from digitalization. The analysis has been based on illustrativeassumptions that do not pre-judge decisions of the Inclusive Framework on BEPS,and has a broad geographic and company coverage including more than 200jurisdictions, comprising all members of the Inclusive Framework on BEPS and alarge number of developing countries, and more than 27,000 multinationalgroups. The analysis has taken into account data from a range of sources,combining data at firm level with aggregate data, and incorporates results atglobal and jurisdictional levels, taking into consideration high-income,middle-income and low-income jurisdictions and investment hubs. Nocountry-specific results have been presented as part of the preliminaryanalysis.
Thepreliminary findings on the combined overall impact of Pillar One and PillarTwo are as follows:
–the global net tax revenuegains are estimated to be up to 4% of the global corporate income tax (CIT)revenues, or USD 100 billion on an annual basis, depending on the reformdesign;
–the CIT revenue gains arebroadly similar across high-income, middle-income and low-income economies; and
–a significant reduction inprofit shifting is expected from the combined effect of the Pillar One andPillar Two reforms.
More specifically, the Pillar Onereform is expected to change the way jurisdictions allocate taxing rights amongeach other and carve up the "tax pie". However, Pillar One would leadto only a slight increase in global tax revenues as taxing rights would shiftfrom low-tax to higher tax jurisdictions. At a jurisdictional level, mosteconomies would experience slight CIT revenue gains, with low-income andmiddle-income economies gaining relatively more CIT revenue gains thanhigh-income economies, whereas investment hubs would experience a slight CITrevenue loss.
On the other hand, it is anticipatedthat the Pillar Two reform will contribute to a significant increase inadditional tax revenues across jurisdictions, depending upon the rate and thefinal design agreed. Furthermore, Pillar Two is expected to reduce profitshifting by eliminating tax rate differentials between jurisdictions andadversely affecting profit shifting incentives of multinational groups.Decrease in profit shifting would mainly benefit developing countries, as thosetend to be more negatively impacted by the profit shifting strategies ofmultinational groups.
Finally, the analysis indicates thatthe expected direct effect of the Pillar One and Pillar Two reforms oninvestment costs would be small in most countries with many firms beingcompletely unaffected by the reforms. Notwithstanding that, it is anticipatedthat the Pillar One and Pillar Two reforms will decrease the influence thattaxes have on investment location decision-making and contribute to moreinvestments being driven by other factors, such as infrastructure and labourcosts, leading to global growth.
In its statement on the two-pillarapproach towards addressing the tax challenges arising from the digitalizationof the economy, the Inclusive Framework on BEPS welcomes the good progress onthe economic and impact assessment analysis of the Pillar One and Pillar Twoproposals and highlights the fact that failure to reach a consensus-basedsolution to the tax challenges arising from digitalization would lead to morecountries adopting unilateral tax measures and, thus, greater uncertainty fortaxpayers and tax administrations. Also, Inclusive Framework on BEPS calls forcontinued efforts towards strengthening the analysis with caution due to datalimitations, and for a more detailed analysis on the investment and growthimpacts of the Pillar One and Pillar Two proposals before the end of March2020.
Media queries should be directed toPascal Saint-Amans, Director of the OECD Centre for Tax Policy andAdministration or Lawrence Speer in the OECD Media Office.

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板凳
縱橫四海樓主Lv.10 發(fā)表于 2020-2-19 10:21:35 | 只看Ta
OECD又下一城,數(shù)字稅改勢如破竹
OECD發(fā)布應(yīng)對數(shù)字經(jīng)濟稅收挑戰(zhàn)方案經(jīng)濟影響分析結(jié)果

2020年一月底,OECD/G20稅基侵蝕與利潤轉(zhuǎn)移(以下簡稱“BEPS”)包容性框架(以下簡稱“IF”)第八次會議決定采納兩個支柱的建議方案,加速推進應(yīng)對數(shù)字經(jīng)濟稅務(wù)挑戰(zhàn)的進程。2020年2月13日,IF如期公布了數(shù)字稅對經(jīng)濟影響的評估結(jié)果,顯示前景一片光明。根據(jù)IF公布的評估報告,擬推出的解決方案預(yù)計可以實現(xiàn)全球范圍內(nèi)企業(yè)所得稅增收4%,即每年增收1000億美元。

IF的分析報告稱以上結(jié)論基于200多個國家以及27,000多家跨國公司數(shù)據(jù)的測算結(jié)果。從構(gòu)成上看,第一支柱下的“統(tǒng)一方法”通過向市場所在國分配征稅權(quán),會讓很多國家分一杯羹,而且中低收入國家受益會稍高于發(fā)達國家。而增收的1000億美元中的大部分會由第二支柱通過縮小各國實際稅負的鴻溝帶來,而且中低收入國家從中受益會明顯高于發(fā)達國家。

既然是經(jīng)濟影響評估,當(dāng)然不能只講稅收,還要分析對投資的負面影響。IF的分析報告稱對全球投資成本的影響不大。因為解決方案針對的是利潤很高的跨國企業(yè)集團,雖然半數(shù)以上增收都來自100家大企業(yè),但是他們財大氣粗,九牛一毛而已。況且這些企業(yè)以往交稅太少已經(jīng)激起民憤,理應(yīng)痛改前非。再說稅改以后這些企業(yè)在選擇投資地的時候,也省得絞盡腦汁去比較稅負了,這也算是減負吧。

同時OECD威脅說,如果跨國公司不接受這個方案,那就等著各國采取單邊活動,結(jié)果會更慘。最近新官上任的英國首相約翰森宣布今年四月份引入數(shù)字稅,針對在線瀏覽、社交媒體平臺和電子商務(wù)征收,稅率為2%。此前法國擬推出類似的數(shù)字稅,結(jié)果美國威脅針對法國紅酒和奶酪回報以關(guān)稅,法國妥協(xié),答應(yīng)押后到年底再議。美國也曾放話,誰敢再提數(shù)字稅美國照方抓藥。英國這是明知山有虎,且向虎山行。接下來且看英美如何博弈。特朗普肯定首選關(guān)稅,只是針對什么商品尚待觀察。不管如何博弈,單邊行動受傷的總是跨國公司。

因此,跨國公司已經(jīng)無心戀戰(zhàn)。民眾這方面對避稅非常不滿,互聯(lián)網(wǎng)企業(yè)怎敢掉以輕心?有好事者質(zhì)問臉書2018年在英國取得16.5億英鎊的收入為何只交稅2850萬英鎊,稅負率不到2%?臉書老板扎克伯格趕緊表示大家的心情是可以理解的,對OECD領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的稅制改革是支持的,盼望OECD在年底如期完成方案細節(jié),如果要臉書多交稅,也是沒有二話的。

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