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標(biāo)題: 【2020年12月06日】解讀Apple關(guān)聯(lián)方交易公司政策 [打印本頁(yè)]

作者: 胡星律師    時(shí)間: 2021-9-2 11:05
標(biāo)題: 【2020年12月06日】解讀Apple關(guān)聯(lián)方交易公司政策
證監(jiān)會(huì)于2012年3月發(fā)布會(huì)計(jì)監(jiān)管風(fēng)險(xiǎn)提示第2號(hào)“通過(guò)未披露關(guān)聯(lián)方實(shí)施的舞弊風(fēng)險(xiǎn)”,近9年過(guò)去,風(fēng)險(xiǎn)熱度不減,仍是證監(jiān)會(huì)提高上市公司信息披露質(zhì)量公函中的高頻詞。
通過(guò)隱蔽關(guān)聯(lián)方可達(dá)到的違法目的,實(shí)在太多,在此不述。本文只討論,想友好對(duì)待小股民的上市公司,可從Apple關(guān)聯(lián)交易公司政策中,借鑒哪些經(jīng)驗(yàn)來(lái)制訂公司內(nèi)部合規(guī)制度。
先梳理第2號(hào)文,回顧通過(guò)未披露關(guān)聯(lián)方實(shí)施的舞弊風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的要點(diǎn)。因本篇文章重點(diǎn)是讀Apple政策,第2號(hào)文要點(diǎn)內(nèi)容將不展開(kāi)分析。

第2號(hào)文要點(diǎn)
  利用未披露關(guān)聯(lián)方實(shí)施的交易常見(jiàn)形式



未披露關(guān)聯(lián)方關(guān)系的主要特征
未披露關(guān)聯(lián)方交易的主要特征
常見(jiàn)舞弊動(dòng)機(jī)
Apple Related Party Transactions Policy (version Aug. 2017)
按慣例,下方英文(包括序號(hào))系原文摘錄,中文非翻譯,而是小法闡述英文文本中的要點(diǎn),加結(jié)合國(guó)內(nèi)法律實(shí)務(wù)作點(diǎn)評(píng)??芍蛔x中文,或讀英文作更全面了解。
A. Introduction
The Board has determined that the Audit and Finance Committee (the “Committee”) of the Board is best suited to review and approve all Interested Transactions with Related Parties, as those terms are defined in this Related Party Transactions Policy (this “Policy”). Therefore, the Committee has adopted this Policy to ensure that all Interested Transactions with Related Parties shall be subject to approval or ratification in accordance with the procedures set forth below.


Apple董事會(huì)認(rèn)為,公司內(nèi)部審閱和批準(zhǔn)有利害關(guān)系交易的最適合人選,是審計(jì)財(cái)務(wù)委員會(huì)(“委員會(huì)”)。為什么不是法務(wù)部或其他部門(mén)?小法認(rèn)為,查找隱蔽關(guān)聯(lián)方交易的難點(diǎn),在于發(fā)現(xiàn)隱形的“資金閉環(huán)”,而法務(wù)部在公司內(nèi)控的角色,通常在合同等法律文書(shū)的審閱和批準(zhǔn),而財(cái)務(wù)部的工作,滲透到客戶/供應(yīng)商盡職調(diào)查入庫(kù)、合同財(cái)務(wù)條款審閱批準(zhǔn)、發(fā)票開(kāi)收、應(yīng)收款/應(yīng)付款收付、現(xiàn)金流管理、利潤(rùn)表編制等眾多環(huán)節(jié),是嗅出可疑并調(diào)查“資金閉環(huán)”的最適合人選。


B. Procedures
Prior to the entry of any Interested Transaction, such Interested Transaction shall be reported to the Corporation’sGeneral Counsel (“GC”). The General Counsel will undertake an evaluation of the Interested Transaction. If that evaluation indicates that the Interested Transaction would require the Committee’s approval, the General Counsel will report the Interested Transaction, together with a summary of material facts, to the Committee.


在“有利害關(guān)系交易”進(jìn)入委員會(huì)審閱、批準(zhǔn)之前,由Apple法務(wù)負(fù)責(zé)人對(duì)“有利害關(guān)系交易”先進(jìn)行評(píng)估,若認(rèn)為需要提交給委員會(huì),法務(wù)負(fù)責(zé)人梳理相關(guān)重要事實(shí)后,將“有利害關(guān)系交易”連同重要事實(shí)摘要,報(bào)告給委員會(huì)。
為什么第一步由法務(wù)來(lái)處理?小法認(rèn)為,在于“關(guān)聯(lián)方關(guān)系”的認(rèn)定是較復(fù)雜法律問(wèn)題。小法工作中可能有幾十次吧,被詢問(wèn)到合同中定義章節(jié)“關(guān)聯(lián)方”、“關(guān)聯(lián)交易”那5-10行沒(méi)一個(gè)句號(hào)停頓的定義到底該怎么讀,然后回答是,確實(shí)沒(méi)辦法插停頓符號(hào)。
第一步由法務(wù)處理沒(méi)問(wèn)題,但交給法務(wù)部最高職位負(fù)責(zé)人 (General Counsel ,“GC”) 處理,足可見(jiàn)Apple對(duì)關(guān)聯(lián)方交易的重視程度。


The Committee shall review the material facts of all Interested Transactions that require the Committee’s approval and either approve or disapprove of the entry into the Interested Transaction, subject to the exceptions described below. If advance Committee approval of an Interested Transaction is not feasible, then the Interested Transaction shall be considered and, if the Committee determines it to be appropriate, ratified at the Committee’s next regularly scheduled meeting.
In determining whether to approve or ratify an Interested Transaction, the Committee will take into account, among other factors it deems appropriate, whether the Interested Transaction is on terms no less favorable than terms generally available to an unaffiliated third-party under the same or similar circumstances and the extent of the Related Person’s interest in the transaction.


委員會(huì)閱讀材料后,處理結(jié)果有三種:預(yù)先批準(zhǔn) (事后提交給委員會(huì)審閱)、提交委員會(huì)定期會(huì)議討論后批準(zhǔn)或否決、直接否決。
委員會(huì)審閱材料時(shí)主要考量因素是:1)“有利害關(guān)系交易”條款,是否沒(méi)有比相同、相似情形下非關(guān)聯(lián)方進(jìn)行交易的條款更不利的條款;2)關(guān)聯(lián)方在交易中利害關(guān)系之程度。


Each director and executive officer of the Corporation completes a questionnaire at least annually, which is designed to elicit information about any existing or potential Interested Transactions. In the event the Corporation’s Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer or General Counsel becomes aware of an Interested Transaction that was not previously approved or ratified under this Policy,
such person shall promptly notify the Chair of the Committee, and the Committee or, if it is not practicable for the Corporation to wait for the entire Committee to consider the matter, the Chair of the Committee, shall consider whether the Interested Transaction should be ratified or rescinded or other action should be taken.


公司每位董事和執(zhí)行層高管至少每年列一份清單,列明所有現(xiàn)有、潛在“有利害關(guān)系交易”。若CEO、CFO、GC發(fā)現(xiàn)清單上有尚未批準(zhǔn)的交易,將立刻通知委員會(huì)主席。若主席經(jīng)判斷,認(rèn)為等不及全體委員會(huì)討論決定,主席將一人作出批準(zhǔn)或取消交易的決定。
在這個(gè)程序中,列清單的高管比較廣(避免疏漏)、發(fā)現(xiàn)問(wèn)題人鎖在CEO、CFO、GC三位高管(執(zhí)行/財(cái)務(wù)/法務(wù)三條線top leader)、而匯報(bào)問(wèn)題僅限委員會(huì)主席(緊急情況可單獨(dú)一人作決定,避免群體討論帶來(lái)效率延誤)。


No director shall participate in any discussion or approval of an Interested Transaction for which he or she is a Related Party, except that the director shall provide all material information concerning the Interested Transaction to the Committee.
If an Interested Transaction will be ongoing, the Committee may establish guidelines for the Corporation’s management to follow in its ongoing dealings with the Related Party.


這兩個(gè)程序容易理解。有利害關(guān)系董事應(yīng)回避討論、表決。批準(zhǔn)后開(kāi)始執(zhí)行的“有利害關(guān)系交易”,管理層將按照委員會(huì)制訂的指引,來(lái)監(jiān)督交易的執(zhí)行。


C. Definitions
An “Interested Transaction” is any transaction, arrangement or relationship or series of similar transactions, arrangements or relationships (including the incurrence or issuance of any indebtedness or the guarantee of indebtedness) in which (1) the aggregate amount involved will or may be reasonably expected to exceed $120,000in any calendar year, (2) the Corporation or any of its subsidiaries is a participant, and (3) any Related Party has or will have a direct or indirect interest (other than solely as a result of being a director, officer or a less than ten percent beneficial owner of another entity).


多大金額“有利害關(guān)系交易”入Apple法眼受本政策約束呢?$120,000!瞥一眼下圖Apple幾個(gè)財(cái)務(wù)指標(biāo),粗算一下,$120,000僅僅是公司1.3天的營(yíng)收、3.5天的毛利潤(rùn)、4.5天的運(yùn)營(yíng)現(xiàn)金流入!

因此,對(duì)關(guān)聯(lián)方交易的管理,與審計(jì)程序中“重要性”認(rèn)定類似,“金額”并不是唯一的認(rèn)定標(biāo)準(zhǔn),“性質(zhì)“和“影響性”亦是認(rèn)定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。


D. Standards for Review
As appropriate for the circumstances, the Committee or the Chair of the Committee, as applicable, shall review and consider:
The Committee, or the Chair of the Committee, as applicable, may approve or ratify the Interested Transaction only if the Committee, or the Chair of the Committee, as applicable, determines in good faith that, under all of the circumstances, the transaction is fair as to the Corporation.

本章節(jié)列出了委員會(huì)在評(píng)估“有利害關(guān)系交易”時(shí)的考量因素,涉及很多方面,當(dāng)然屬于很專業(yè)的判斷了。
但小法認(rèn)為,對(duì)于外行,仍可以靠抓住要點(diǎn)來(lái)理解。就像反不正當(dāng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的考量,要點(diǎn)在于抓住“最終消費(fèi)者權(quán)益是否受害”;反商業(yè)賄賂,要點(diǎn)在于抓住“是否造成不正當(dāng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)”;而對(duì)于評(píng)估“有利害關(guān)系交易”,要點(diǎn)在于,與相同或相似非關(guān)聯(lián)方交易作對(duì)比,是否為一筆“公平的交易”,從而“沒(méi)有不正當(dāng)?shù)睦孑敵?輸入”。

結(jié)語(yǔ)
這幾天熱門(mén)財(cái)經(jīng)新聞,莫過(guò)于AAA級(jí)國(guó)企債永煤10億短融債券違約事件了。

看看永煤的關(guān)聯(lián)方欠款,不由長(zhǎng)嘆口氣。
本文僅作討論,不構(gòu)成律師法律意見(jiàn)。若轉(zhuǎn)載,請(qǐng)得到作者事先同意。






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